![]() Charles II received Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom).It eventually became the High Medieval Kingdom of Germany, the largest component of the Holy Roman Empire. He was guaranteed the kingship of all lands to the east of the Rhine (although not the Netherlands to the north of the Rhine) and to the north and east of Italy, altogether called East Francia. Louis II received Francia Orientalis (the East Frankish kingdom).He also received the two imperial cities, Aachen and Rome. His domain later became the Low Countries, the Rhineland west of the Rhine, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence, and the Kingdom of Italy (which covered the northern half of the Italian Peninsula). In the settlement, Lothair (who had been named co-emperor in 817) retained his title as emperor, but it conferred only nominal overlordship of his brothers' lands. Lothair I received Francia Media (the Middle Frankish kingdom).Partition of the Frankish Empire after the Treaty of Verdun 843.įrancia Occidentalis Francia Media Francia OrientalisĮach of the three brothers was already established in one kingdom: Lothair in the Kingdom of Italy Louis the German in the Kingdom of Bavaria and Charles II in the Kingdom of Aquitaine. ![]() The meeting happened shortly before August 10, as confirmed by a contemporary letter. After a bloody civil war, they defeated Lothair at the Battle of Fontenoy in 841 and sealed their alliance in 842 with the Oaths of Strasbourg which declared Lothair unfit for the imperial throne, after which he became willing to negotiate a settlement. Lothair's brother, Louis II, and his half-brother Charles II refused to acknowledge Lothair's suzerainty and declared war against him. He also supported his nephew, Pepin II's claim to Aquitaine, a large province in the west of the Frankish realm. When Louis the Pious died in 840, his eldest son, Lothair I, claimed overlordship over the entirety of his father's kingdom in an attempt to reclaim the power he had at the beginning of his reign as emperor. Lothair I was given the title of emperor but because of several re-divisions by his father and the resulting revolts, he became much less powerful. During his reign, he divided the empire so that each of his sons could rule over their own kingdom under the greater rule of their father. Though it was described at the time as “the war to end all wars,” the scar that World War I left on the world was anything but temporary.Following Charlemagne's death, Louis was made ruler of the Frankish Empire. The technology that the war had generated would be used in the next world war just two decades later. ![]() Though the world vowed never to allow another war like it to happen, the roots of the next conflict were sown in the Treaty of Versailles, which was viewed by Germans as humiliating and punitive and which helped set the stage for the rise of fascism and World War II. “Shell shock” and the aftereffects of gas poisoning would claim thousands more lives. Revolution had broken out in Germany, Russia, and other countries. on November 11, 1918.īy then, the world was in the grips of an influenza pandemic that would infect a third of the global population. ![]() Battles like the Battle of Verdun and the First Battle of the Somme are among the deadliest in the history of human conflict.Īided by the United States, the Allies finally broke through with the Hundred Days Offensive, leading to the military defeat of Germany. Unauthorized use is prohibited.ĭespite advances like the use of poison gas and armored tanks, both sides were trapped in trench warfare that claimed enormous numbers of casualties.
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